The exchange of agricultural and artisan´s products in the economic system of traditional communities. The in-kind exchange between particular producers can be understood as the simplest form; another forms included the direct sale of an agricultural product or an artisan´s product in homestead (e.g. to a peddler) or workshop. In towns, the above-mentioned products were mostly sold at fairs. Certain types of products were sold by door-to-door sale, whereby a tradesman or an artisan attended their customers´ households. This type of sale, called peddlery, was operated mostly by lower classes of population. Peddlers offered haberdashery, tinker´s products, glasses, knives etc. Peddlery survived until the 21^st century, in the form of permanent or occasional dealers.

The fairs were divided according to their frequency, assortment, and seller into:

1. daily fairs, which took place in cities mostly, and offered farm products and foods;
2. weekly fairs, which took place once or twice a week and offered agricultural products, corn and foods;
3. annual fairs, which took place more times a year and offered a rich assortment of agricultural and artisan´s products and which were attended by sellers from near and far
4. fairs with cattle, linen and yards, and wool were a special form of fairs;

Several forms of fairs began to disappear from the 19^th century as a consequence of developing networks of brick-and-mortar stores. The daily and weekly fairs, which featured the offer of agricultural products – mostly fresh fruits and vegetables (sold not only by farmers, but also by re-sellers) extended by cheap textiles sold by Vietnamese tradesmen from the 1990s, survived for the longest period of time.

The second half of the 20^th century saw the struggle to rehabilitate traditional fairs with specific assortment (products made by folk producers, regional creators, and thematic fairs of particular handicrafts).

Literature: Z. Martínek: Řemeslná, domácká a manufakturní výroba a obchod v Čechách v letech 1752–1756 [Artisan´s, Homemade, and Manufacture Production in Bohemia between 1752-1756]. Etnografický atlas Čech, Moravy a Slezska III. Praha 2000.

6.1. In-kind exchange (an in-kind barter for work done)

6.2. Direct sale

6.3. Sale at regular fairs

6.4. Rehabilitation of fairs